I will be giving an examination to the interpretation of Saddam Hussein’s speech. In this paper I will also identify fallacious statements used by Saddam Hussein from Chapter 11 on fallacies in Understanding Rhetoric. On September 3, 1996, the United States raided Iraq with a missile attack which triggered Saddam Hussein to give his speech in retaliation to the Americans who bombed Iraq with an air raid strike. Hussein calls upon fanatical believers of Islam, the religion which lies in the center of the Iraqi people, which is defined as dogmatism; a common fallacy found in Chapter 11 of Understanding Rhetoric, which he uses in his speech, along with the use of code, calling forth future attacks on the United States. In this paper, we are going to go through what marked the war of a decade starting with Hussein’s speech to the Iraqi people in rhetoric, which is a persuasive way of speaking. The method of analysis that I shall be using is ethos, pathos and logos, fallacy and interpretation in Hussein’s speech to the Iraqi people.
Saddam Hussein’s Speech To Iraqis
In the name of God, the most gracious, the Most Merciful; oh, great people; oh, honorable members of our armed forces; oh, sons of our glorious Arab nation; oh, honorable people of the world: Once again, the hopeless cowardly Americans were back to repeat their cowardly act hiding behind a technological advance that God, most gracious, wanted it to be their curse and cause for shame. The aggressors came back launching their failed cowardly raids to commit a damned third attack which has very significant implications. The courageous resistance and great steadfastness of the noble Iraqi people gave the aggressors what they deserved. They will be taught a lesson and their wanton attack will be resisted. The missile attack on Iraq took place around 9 o’clock this morning, 3rd of September 1996, corresponding to 20th Rabi’ Athani 1417 Hijri. This is going to be a glorious day. The Iraqi people will, in the name of God, add to their honorable record. It will be a day when the cowardly aggressors will be condemned by both history and the whole world, having been condemned by God Almighty. Oh, Iraqi people and members of the brave Iraqi armed forces, the apple of our eye, this is another day you can call your own. So, resist them as you have done. God Almighty wishes you to take your pride of place under the sun and on the heights of your good land. We have come to expect you — and your people and the Arab nation are calling upon you — to resist them and teach them a new lesson full of meanings their weak and empty souls do not know. Oh, men of our air defenses and our air hawks, from now on consider as non-existent their damned imaginary no-fly zones above 36 parallel and below 32 parallel. Strike with efficiency and competence, in the name of God, any of the aggressors\\\’ planes which violate the air space of your great country and everywhere in Iraq, now and in the future. The free peoples of the world and the sons of our glorious Arab nation can rest assured that proud, glorious and defiant Iraq is safe. Iraq is as powerful as high mountains. It will not be shaken by the winds of evil; neither will it be frightened, God willing, by the hiss of vipers. The sons of the Land of Two Rivers were more than a match to the enemy; they downed a large number of its missiles. God foiled the aggression and the aggressors and, thanks be to God, we only suffered light losses in the failed attack. May God bless the souls of our honorable martyrs. God is greater, God is greater. May the cowards be defeated.
Hussein says, “in the name of God, the most gracious, the Most Merciful; oh, great people; oh, honorable members of our armed forces; oh, sons of our glorious Arab nation; oh, honorable people of the world,” in his piece to persuade the people of Iraq to listen to him and invest in his war. Hussein assumes that the entire Iraqi nation, all its citizens, desires a war against the United States. Under his military regime, many civilian Iraqis suffered. His regime tightly controlled the economic and political structures. Those who opposed him, were imprisoned and tortured. Hussein then transitions with “once again, the hopeless cowardly Americans were back to repeat their cowardly act hiding behind a technological advance that God, most gracious, wanted it to be their curse and cause for shame.”
Why does he do this? He does this to call upon the Iraqi people’s pride, giving them a false sense of authority and again, plays upon their religious logos in which he states that the Americans are cowardly. Hussein plays on the Iraqi people’s faith in their religion, using the bandwagon fallacy which claims that every Iraqi citizen must agree with him, even those whom he imprisoned and tortured.
With the transition mentioned above, Hussein then uses another fallacious statement called a false dichotomy in which his whole speech oversimplifies the issue. Notice how he uses dogmatism as the first fallacy in the first paragraph quoted above.
He uses authority of religious spectacles and authoritative figures. Hussein then makes a statement that he believes is irrefutable, that Americans are the aggressors and that they are cowardly because he personally attacks Americans in general saying that “the aggressors came back launching their failed cowardly raids to commit a damned third attack which has very significant implications. He then praises the Iraqi’s, stating that they are courageous, and their resistance and great steadfastness are noble, and that the fight against the Americans is what they deserved because they caused the war against the Iraqi people. “They will be taught a lesson and their wanton attack will be resisted.”
He then plays on pathos, ethos and logos which is, coming from pathos, the loss of parts of their country on the American raid in 1996 where he wishes to invoke violent feelings. Using ethos and logos, he states throughout his speech feelings of courage against the Americans and their condemnation and invokes it because of the missile attack of 1996 on the Iraqis. He states the fact that, “the missile attack on Iraq took place around 9 o’clock this morning, 3rd of September 1996, corresponding to 20th Rabi’ Athani 1417 Hijri. This is going to be a glorious day. The Iraqi people will, in the name of God, add to their honorable record. It will be a day when the cowardly aggressors will be condemned by both history and the whole world, having been condemned by God Almighty.”
But why does he depend on God to amend the strikes of the Americans or to reassure his people that the American people will be condemned by God the almighty because of the attack in 1996? He says that because Saudi Arabia is the center of religion. According to World Atlas, “the constitution of Saudi Arabia, which is based on the Quran and the Sunna, establishes the country as an Arab Islamic State. It recognizes the Sunni Islam as the official religion and Sharia law as the legislature. The state does not legally recognize the freedom religion and neither the state government nor the society recognizes the separation of religion and the state. The county is opposed to the Muslim reforms of the 21st Century that seek to reinterpret the Islamic Law to recognize the social and economic developments, personal autonomy, gender relations, and democracy. The law recognizes the children born to Saudi fathers as Muslims and must be integrated into Islamic culture. In other words, as the center of religion, they are considered amongst themselves, a holy people because they are in America, like an institute where their laws are strictly their religion.
Hussein then says, “oh, Iraqi people and members of the brave Iraqi armed forces, the apple of our eye, this is another day you can call your own. So, resist them as you have done. God Almighty wishes you to take your pride of place under the sun and on the heights of your good land. We have come to expect you — and your people and the Arab nation are calling upon you — to resist them and teach them a new lesson full of meanings their weak and empty souls do not know.” The rhetoric or the persuasiveness suddenly peaks. Hussein speaks rhetorically to persuade his people to fight with him for the war against America. Hussein arrogance demonstrates his lack of understanding of the personal suffering of the Iraqi people. He believes that he is well loved, but he isn’t. Note also that he speaks with the fallacies of dogmatism and false dichotomies. How do we know if the soul of America is empty? It isn’t. The heart of the American military, as we are told, is to spread Democracy for all oppressed citizens around the world. This is one of the tenets that defines the United States in the world.
Again, Hussein calls on authority and says “we have come to expect you — and your people and the Arab nation are calling upon you — to resist them and teach them a new lesson full of meanings their weak and empty souls do not know. Oh, men of our air defenses and our air hawks, from now on consider as non-existent their damned imaginary no-fly zones above 36 parallel and below 32 parallel. Strike with efficiency and competence, in the name of God, and of the aggressors’ planes which violate the air space of your great country and everywhere in Iraq, now and in the future. The free peoples of the world and the sons of our glorious Arab nation can rest assured that proud, glorious and defiant Iraq is safe. Iraq is as powerful as high mountains. It will not be shaken by the winds of evil; neither will it be frightened, God willing, by the hiss of vipers.” Hussein calls for the Iraqi people to take up their weapons and fight for their existence; calling on the Iraqi people to fight by any means necessary, to show no mercy, and then portrays the bandwagon fallacy that all of Iraq is going to help him, including the good Christians, by his definition, and non-terrorists being the citizens of Iraq, who are not part of his military regime, and citizens of the Middle East.
The Code
He states that “The sons of the Land of Two Rivers were more than a match to the enemy; they downed a large number of its missiles. God foiled the aggression and the aggressors and, thanks be to God, we only suffered light losses in the failed attack.” This quote from Hussein must have been a code to call the Iraqi people to attack through the two rivers, being the holy land of the Euphrates and the Tigris, attacks of the Al-Qaeda in future generations of American soldiers to fight against. It could be a code for just that the land of two rivers were made for the geographic location of attack. “Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) is a Sunni insurgent faction referred to in Arabic as Tanzim al-Qaeda fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Al-Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers or Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia). Originally founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi as Jamia’at Tawhid wal Jihad, or the Monotheism and Jihad Organization, the group began referring to itself as Al-Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers in the Fall of 2004, when al-Zarqawi pledged his loyalty to Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. Unlike other nationalist or nationalist-jihadi factions of the Sunni insurgency, AQI has adopted a radical religious program aimed to imposing an interpretation of Islamic law known as Wahabbism, based on the teaching of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab.”
From what we know about Al-Qaeda, is that they are a large group of terrorists that assisted in bombing the World Trade Center or the Twin Towers on September 11th who may have attacked from there. Hussein appears to harness his eloquence in speaking, by hoping to instill a sense of urgent nationalism to rally the Iraqis against the Americans. The death of Hussein in December, 2006, has not deterred religious military organizations, and they continue to have a stronghold in the region. “Although one of the smallest factions in the Sunni insurgency, it has been perhaps the [deadliest,] claiming responsibility for some of the highest profile attacks against Shi’a targets, including the bombing of the al-Askari Mosque in Samarra in February 2006 and the massive car bombings in Sadr City in November of that year. Although the group is principally Iraqi, there is some foreign presence at the leadership and operational levels. Currently led by Abu Ayyub al-Masri (Abu Ayyub the Egyptian), AQI has been under tremendous pressure from coalition operations in Ninewa and Diyala province which began in early 2009. While many popular accounts of the sectarian violence between Sunni and Shi’a organizations in Iraq date the explosion of violence to the bombing of the al-Askari Mosque in February 2006, organized violence between religious communities began much earlier. Whether Al-Qaeda in Iraq was responsible for starting this cycle of violence with spectacular attacks against Shi’a targets in order to embed itself in Sunni communities, or whether these attacks were actually responses to earlier Shi’a militia activities, Al-Qaeda in Iraq had become the major Sunni participant in the war between sectarian militias in and around Baghdad by summer 2005. It developed safe havens throughout West Baghdad and in Anbar province. In addition to attacks against Shi’a targets, Al-Qaeda began laying the basis for the future turn by the tribes. In areas of Baghdad, they began actively targeting other Sunni insurgent factions in order to establish control over neighborhoods, and their behavior in Anbar, in Diyala, and [the Northern region of Iraq] began to alienate their partners in the Sunni insurgency.”
In his closing remarks, Hussein calls on God again who is a religious and authoritative figure. “May God bless the souls of our honorable martyrs. God is greater, God is greater. May the cowards be defeated,” which is a fallacious statement because religious dogmatism in which Hussein preached, is premised on absolute truth, where blind obedience is expected, and in which, the religion declares a Holy War. These are fallacies that lead to a nation’s pain and suffering.
The code mentioned, and as believed, will, by any means, uphold the fallacy of dogmatism in rhetoric which proves that no matter what the odds are, one voice among the people shall be heard among the masses and cause destruction to a great and powerful nation and her vulnerable and powerless citizens, no matter how evil it was. Hussein and his military regime preyed on the fear of the Iraqi citizens, using religion and its holy places and its historical monuments as the vehicle, no matter how contradictory it was to the holy teachings. That is a terrorist’s logical allegory after all.
Works Cited
CNN. Transcript of Saddam Hussein’s Speech to Iraqis.
edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/03/saddam.transcript/.
“Northern Iraq.” Institute for the Study of War,
http://www.understandingwar.org/region/northern-iraq. Accessed 4 May 2021.
WorldAtlas. “Religion in Saudi Arabia.” WorldAtlas, 29 Nov. 2016,
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-and-freedoms-in-saudi-arabia.html.